9th social science 19th chapter

CHAPTER – 19: EUROPE: MEDIEVAL AND MODERN

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. Renaissance means rebirth or reawakening.

2. Petrarch is called the father of Renaissance.

3. Followers of Martin Luther are Protestants.

4. The leader of the Counter-Reformation movement was Ignatius Loyola.

5. The Industrial Revolution started in England.

II. Answer the following questions.

6. What were the consequences of religious reformation?

• The unity of the Christian religion suffered a major blow.
• Christianity became divided into three distinct sects: the Catholic Church, the Orthodox Church, and the Protestant Church.
• Many European monarchs were freed from the political dominance of the Church and the Pope.
• The movement contributed significantly to the rise of nationalism.
• Confiscated Church wealth was redirected toward national economic development.
• Patriotic sentiment grew, and European kings began to foster greater religious tolerance.
• There was significant progress in the literary field as local languages gained influence over European thought.
• The Catholic Church initiated its own internal reform, known as the "Counter-Reformation."

7. What were the reasons for geographical explorations?

• The Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453, disrupting traditional trade routes.
• Nations like Spain and Portugal were ambitious and eager to compete with the Arabs in maritime trade.
• The discovery of new lands presented opportunities to spread Christianity.
• European curiosity was piqued by the adventurous potential of sea voyages to the East.
• Technological advancements, such as the mariner’s compass, the astrolabe, and better cartography (charts and maps), made longer voyages possible.
• Europeans held the belief that China was a fertile market for generating significant trade profits.

8. Which are the masterpieces of Leonardo da Vinci?

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Answer :- Leonardo da Vinci’s world-renowned artistic masterpieces include "The Last Supper" and the "Mona Lisa."

9. Explain the development of literature in the period of Renaissance with examples.

• The Renaissance fostered a rebirth in literature, often written in local languages rather than Latin.
• Giovanni Boccaccio wrote the famous collection of 100 stories, 'Decameron', in Italian.
• Dante Alighieri authored the monumental 'Divine Comedy'.
• Geoffrey Chaucer of England contributed the classic 'Canterbury Tales'.
• Miguel de Cervantes of Spain wrote 'Don Quixote', while Thomas More of England authored 'Utopia'.
• William Shakespeare emerged as an unparalleled poet and dramatist, creating numerous enduring tragedies and comedies that define the era.

10. Describe the effects of the Industrial Revolution.

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• The Industrial Revolution brought rapid changes to industry, leading to a massive increase in the demand for machines.
• Significant shifts occurred in economic and social structures, with the establishment of large-scale factories.
• Mass production reduced the cost of goods, making essential products more affordable for the general public.
• Small-scale cottage industries struggled to compete with giant factories, leading to their eventual decline.
• Economic disparity widened as the rich became wealthier while the poor faced hardships.
• Large-scale migration occurred as people moved from rural villages to rapidly growing industrial towns.
• A distinct capitalist class emerged, leading to new social tensions and class conflicts between factory owners and workers.