9th social science 20th chapter

CHAPTER – 20: REVOLUTION AND RISE OF NATION STATES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. The 13 colonies established by England on the Atlantic coast were called “New English colonies”.

2. The representatives of the 13 colonies met in 1774 at Philadelphia.

3. The first President of the United States of America was George Washington.

4. The writer of ‘Spirit of Laws’ was Montesquieu (Note: While Rousseau is a famous philosopher of the era, Montesquieu is the author of 'The Spirit of the Laws').

5. The party ‘Young Italy’ was formed by Giuseppe Mazzini.

6. The philosophy of ‘blood and steel’ was advocated by Bismarck.

II. Answer the following questions.

7. Mention the reasons for the American War of Independence.

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• The rise of nationalist sentiment among the people living in the colonies.
• A growing desire for political and economic independence from British rule.
• The economic and psychological effects of the Seven Years' War.
• Restrictive naval regulations imposed by the British.
• The intellectual influence of writers and leaders like Thomas Paine, John Adams, Samuel Adams, and Benjamin Franklin.
• Specific grievances regarding the Quebec Act, the Townshend Acts, and the iconic protest known as the Boston Tea Party.

8. Explain the significance of the American War of Independence.

• The war served as a major source of inspiration for the French Revolution.
• Many French soldiers who fought alongside the colonial army returned to France and became key leaders in the French Revolution.
• The success of the American colonies inspired Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas to revolt against their motherlands.
• The war led to the birth of a new nation, the United States of America, establishing the first modern democratic republic.

9. How were economic factors responsible for the French Revolution?

• France was an agriculture-dominated nation, yet agricultural yields remained low despite some advancements.
• The burden of this economic stagnation fell heavily on the farmers.
• Frequent famines led to widespread food shortages, resulting in frequent riots and revolts.
• Industries were heavily regulated by restrictive trade unions, which hindered growth.
• Internal strife and heavy-handed interference from authorities kept industrial productivity sluggish, deepening the economic crisis.

10. What was the role of Garibaldi in Italy’s unification?

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• Giuseppe Garibaldi was a dedicated soldier and revolutionary fighter.
• He joined the ‘Young Italy’ movement and assumed a leadership role in the revolutionary cause.
• He formed an army known as the “Red Brigade” (or Redshirts) and, with the support of Sardinia, fought against Austrian influence.
• In 1860, he led his Red Brigade to conquer the twin states of Sicily.
• His military successes significantly hastened national integration and bolstered the push for democratic reforms in Italy.

11. Who was the architect of the unification of Germany? Write a note on him.

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Answer :- The architect of German unification was Otto von Bismarck.

• He served as the Chief Minister (Minister-President) under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.
• Bismarck believed that the political situation could only be resolved through his philosophy of ‘blood and steel,’ which emphasized decisive military action and power politics.
• To achieve this, he systematically built a powerful and highly disciplined army.
• His ultimate goal was to assert Prussian dominance and drive Austria out of the German Confederation to create a unified German Empire.