Kar board 9th social science 32 chapter

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                CHAPTER – 32

  LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. The famous book of Adam Smith is The Wealth of Nations.

2. Abolition of Bonded Labour Act was passed in the year 1976.

3. When the marginal productivity of a labour is zero, it is known as Disguised Unemployment.

4. Division of labour increases the efficiency of Labour.

5. Abolition of Child Labour Act was passed in the year 1986.

II. Discuss in groups and answer the following.

6. What is meant by division of labour?

Answer :- Division of labour refers to the process where a complex production task is broken down into smaller parts, and each part is assigned to a different worker or a specific group of workers.

7. What is meant by child labour?

Answer :- Any child working below the age of 14 years is considered Child Labour.

8. Define unemployment.

Answer :- An unemployed person is defined as an individual who is physically capable and willing to work at the prevailing market wage rate but is unable to find a job.

9. Explain the advantages of division of labour.

  • It significantly increases the overall efficiency of labour.
  • It leads to a noticeable improvement in the quality of production.
  • It helps businesses achieve greater profits.
  • It minimizes the production cost of goods.
  • In the long run, it facilitates specialized research and innovation within specific tasks.

10. List the disadvantages of division of labour.

  • Monotony: Doing the same small task repeatedly can become boring for the worker.
  • Lack of Responsibility: Workers may feel less responsible for the final product.
  • Increased Dependence: Production can stop if one group of specialized workers is absent.
  • Unemployment: Specialization can make it harder for a worker to find different types of jobs.
  • Class Conflict: It can lead to divisions between different levels of workers and management.

11. State the meaning of productive and reproductive labour.

  • Productive Labour: This refers to work that creates utility or is performed specifically to earn an income.
  • Reproductive Labour: This refers to domestic work and unpaid household chores performed within the home.

12. What are the types of unemployment?

  • Rural Unemployment
  • Urban Unemployment
  • Disguised Unemployment
  • Seasonal Unemployment
  • Industrial Unemployment
  • Educated Unemployment

13. Identify the differences between disguised unemployment and seasonal unemployment.

Disguised Unemployment Seasonal Unemployment
It is a situation where more people are working than are actually required, and the marginal productivity of some workers is zero. This occurs in industries or agricultural sectors that are seasonal in nature and do not provide work year-round.
Removing these extra workers does not decrease the total volume of production. Workers remain unemployed during the "off-season" when there is no demand for their specific activity.

14. How is industrial unemployment different from educational unemployment?

Industrial Unemployment Educational Unemployment
This occurs when a person loses their job or remains unemployed due to changes, shutdowns, or shifts in the industrial sector. This is a condition where individuals with formal education and degrees are unable to find suitable jobs despite being capable and willing.

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